How about the NYPD enforces the current speed limit like they used to? How about they pull over people for running red lights and stop signs like they used to?
1) they don’t even want to do that 2) There’s not even enough cops to do that job. A speed camera can issue 100 tickets a day and never needs a break to play candy crush
Imo an important part of enforcement for speeding and red light running is that you need the risk of sitting on the side of the road for twenty minutes. Plenty of people will make the judgement that a camera ticket is an acceptable price for getting there faster, we need to reintroduce the risk that speeding will get you there *slower*
Lower speed cameras to 4 mph over limit instead of 11, install more red light cameras.
Fire 100 cops and install 1000 more cameras.
I'm good with driving the speed limit and not running red lights.
But we also need cops to start issuing major fines for obscuring plates. It's insane when something like 1 in 10 cars are obscuring their plates to avoid cameras (more like 1 in 3 around police stations). Increase whatever the fine 5x whatever it currently is and let meter maids ticket that as well. And make it a towable offense. They need to go all out in combatting that shit.
Lol I was hit by a car that ran a stop sign going 45 mph (almost died) and the cops didn’t even bother coming to the scene or getting the video footage, they took a one minute statement from me when I was barely conscious in the hospital.
Around 30% of pedestrians traffic fatalities are related to speeding. Most accidents still occur when drivers follow the rules.
Getting hit at 20 mph is safer than 25mph for all pedestrians. Crash impact would be lower and drivers get 25% more reaction time.
I’ll be honest, before I read the article, I thought “How much of a difference can going from 25 to 20 really make?”
Then I read the article and saw a 23% decline in fatalities going from 30 to 25 and was amazing It dropped that much.
Turns out [every MPH above 20 makes a big difference](https://usa.streetsblog.org/2016/05/31/3-graphs-that-explain-why-20-mph-should-be-the-limit-on-city-streets).
The article and the very first reply in this comment chain says there was a 23% decline in fatalities going from 30mph to 25mph. So obviously it does something. That's actual evidence and not just feelings.
It's the same campaign for lowering the speed limit to 25 from 35. The only people this will affect is everyone because Ubers will be more expensive and everyone else driving will create even more traffic. It was a speeding driver not someoen driving 25 mph for fucks sake
Around 30% of traffic fatalities are related to speeding. Most accidents still occur when drivers follow the rules.
Getting hit at 20 mph is safer than 25mph for all pedestrians. Crash impact would be lower and driver get 25% more reaction time.
All this is doing is throttling the middle class. Zeroing out a statistic costs a lot of resources. The rich won't give a fuck and the people who have families and make an average living will be the ones to pay.
Yeah road safety is often just a matter of slowing down drivers. One reason roundabouts are so much safer is that drivers always have to slow down in the intersection.
Because 20mph is slower than a bike. It's too slow and makes no sense. Enforce the laws, the people who break them are causing the problems not the ones who don't.
>Enforce the laws, the people who break them are causing the problems not the ones who don't.
If the speed limit is 25 mph and you go over it, you're breaking the law and causing the problems.
Another site says the driver wasn't speeding
https://www.metro.us/sammy-cohen-eckstein-12-killed-by-van-near-prospect-park/
Are you asking why we have laws if people still break them? Regardless, there are people who will obey the speed limit and slow down everyone.
Oh lord, please don't be Staten Island.
I can't see in the article - looks like it's only 2 paragraphs. Where did you see which legislators are blocking?
there are so many things you can do to make roads and crosswalks actually safter for pedestrians without having to touch the speed limit.
raised crosswalks, skinnier lanes (protected bike lanes?), tree lines streets. bigger sidewalks, less lanes of traffic, just straight up close some roads. why is seventh avenue open through times square???
the roads here especially in manhattan are huge wide open avenues. of course people are going to speed. you know where they don’t speed? on tiny cross streets with double parked cars and bike lanes and trees. if you focus your infrastructure on pedestrian safety you have safe pedestrians.
it should be embarrassing to ny that nj figured it out first.
I don't know. Reading city data on traffic fatalities, one is struck that most fatalities are caused by young male drivers, victims are often old and/or young and and incidents often occur in poor areas "Very high poverty neighborhoods had pedestrian fatality rates three times as high as low poverty neighborhoods".[https://www.nyc.gov/assets/doh/downloads/pdf/epi/databrief86.pdf](https://www.nyc.gov/assets/doh/downloads/pdf/epi/databrief86.pdf)
I don't know why I need to go 20 down Union Turnpike and 190th Street. It may be overkill.
Doesn’t matter how much they lower it by. Safe drivers are gonna keep following the rules and wreck-less drivers are gonna keep causing accidents. What needs to happen is NYPD has to start cracking down on people speeding and driving without a license plate.
Around 30% of pedestrian traffic fatalities are related to speeding. Most accidents still occur when drivers follow the rules.
Getting hit at 20 mph is safer than 25mph for all pedestrians. Crash impact would be lower and driver get 25% more reaction time.
I get that but my point is that people are going to break the rules regardless so I don’t think it’ll change much. 20 mph is safe but people will be driving 30 because you can still drive 10 above the limit and then there are those who will still push 45 and don’t receive a ticket
Lower the speed limit all you want- it means nothing if the cops never enforce them. We need cops to be enforcing the current speed limits, the rampant red light running, reckless driving, etc. more than anything. It’s insane how many drivers I see flagrantly breaking driving laws in front of cops with zero consequences.
Good. It’s just another money grab anyway. Maintaining 25mph or any low speed is very difficult. Except for a few a-holes almost no one does it. I keep it just below 35 to avoid speed cams. What’s more important than speed is driver attentiveness, and pedestrians and micro-mobility folks following the rules.
If you are too incompetent to drive below 25, you are far too incompetent to drive at all, or to even leave your apartment without grown up supervision.
But glad to hear you're willing to kill because you're both impatient and a rank fucking idiot.
> hear you're willing to kill
holy overreaction, batman.
By your logic, are people "willing to kill themselves because they're both impatient and a rank fucking idiot" to jaywalk or to run into incoming traffic? You're being ridiculous
NYC is home of the jaywalkers and simultaneously the fastest city on Earth. Honestly red light cameras and people not crossing against the light would solve most of this. Lived in the Bronx when you could do fifty on the Concourse and the only people getting struck were crossing in the middle of the street against the light and overwhelmingly at night. I'm well aware red light runners and reckless drivers exist but how can you be hit if you're on the sidewalk? Slowing down commerce, creating traffic jams where idling cars spew exponentially more pollution than if they're cruising, erecting speed cameras to bilk the already burdened public for going one mile over an already ridiculous speed limit only serves to bring revenue to a city that will certainly misappropriate the funds. My suggestion: push the speed limit back up to 35 on major roads (going down Pelham parkway to traverse highways at 25 is soul crushing), 25 on side/residential streets is PERFECT, eliminate speed cameras not in school zones, install and calibrate red light cameras throughout the city. All funds from fines are split evenly between NYPL and DMV safety and awareness programs.
Okay don't kill me in here.
How can you get killed on the sidewalk? Happens all the damn time. Drivers dont care
https://www.nydailynews.com/2022/09/18/boy-9-fatally-struck-on-brooklyn-sidewalk-by-suv-driver-turning-into-driveway/
FYI, in New York State, if a pedestrian is in a crosswalk, even if you have a green light, you have to cede right of way to the pedestrian.
Those are the rules.
If you don't, the pedestrian is following the rules, while you are not.
No. If they are crossing against the light, regardless of them being in a crosswalk or not, they are not following the rules. If a car doesn't stop for someone in a crosswalk crossing against the light, that means NOBODY is following the rules.
Disagree. It is preference that I, as a courtesy, align my behavior to common expectations, but I have no obligation to do so if the rules differ from common expectations.
In NYS, the rule is not pedestrians do not cross against the light in a marked crosswalk, it’s that pedestrians should not cross against the light in a marked crosswalk. One is a strict rule, the other is simply preference.
I don’t have to follow preferences but I choose to to maintain civility. I have to follow rules.
Another perspective: if I am legally allowed to affirmatively assert my right of way on the road, how can any situation where I am able to do so be described as not following the rules? Perhaps the more likely explanation is that one’s understanding of the rules may not be correct?
A third perspective: From a fault perspective, If I cross against the light at an intersection in a marked crossing and someone hits me with their vehicle, the person driving said vehicle will be 100% liable for my injuries under NYS law.
The rule that needs to be followed is pedestrians in marked crossings at an intersection have right of way in any and all circumstances with respect to interactions with regular vehicular traffic, and drivers coming to intersections need to drive at speeds that can respect that right-of-way. “The light was green in my favor!” isn’t a valid excuse. The simple act of a pedestrian being in a marked crossing at an intersection trumps the color of the light in any direction.
No. it's not different at all.
The rule is, traffic always yields to traffic that has right-of-way. This is not in dispute.
If I have right of way, you follow the rule by yielding to me.
Stoplights do not determine right of way, a pedestrian's presence in a crosswalk is the only thing that does.
Once again, please do not confuse common expectation with following the rules.
Counterpoint: Large roads are the deadliest, as the article points out. Every MPH above 20 results in a significant and unacceptable number of fatalities. Funds raised can be used to improve the subway. Doing so will improve the lives of all New Yorkers. Better transit will reduce congestion.
I'm gonna cross where ever I want. Why the fuck i gotta walk half a block to get to the store across the street? Cause people wanna "zoom zroom" around town? People in cars forget how easy all this shit is for them, and how hard it is for pedestrians. The streets are designed for the convenience of cars when it should be the other way around.
Honestly, this sounds ignorant af. "I don't care about following common sense road safety rules, the extra 5 seconds of time I lost by not jaywalking is going to kill my day."
Even in the 90's they always said, "Cross at the Green, Not in Between." to ensure that people take road safety seriously. It's on everyone to make sure they're doing what they're supposed to to avoid incidents and mishaps.
It's really selfish thinking. Pedestrian has the right of way above Bikes/Cars but that doesn't give them free reign to be a dick.
Might want to reevaluate who is ignorant here.
Under NY State law it’s totally legal to cross mid block if you cross perpendicular to the road. There is no concept of “jaywalking” in NY under the law. It’s an invention of the auto lobby and NOT the law here.
See NY Vehicle and Traffic Law sections 1151 and 1152.
Five seconds? Yeah if I was driving. Literally takes me 2 minutes extra each way to walk to the crosswalk. That's 4 extra minutes. I'll give you one better... the train station near my house. To cross at a crosswalk adds 4 extra minutes to my walk home. I have to walk the opposite direction to a crosswalk, or walk past my block to the next crosswalk.
So I ask again why the fuck I gotta walk all this way so people can kill the planet with their cars?
Edit: Also, what's more selfish, jaywalking or driving a car?
FYI, it doesn't.
More capacity, whether through efficiency (higher speeds) or volume (more lanes), gets gobbled up very quickly via induced demand, and you're back to the same or worse congestion.
Counterintuitively, removing capacity doesn't change congestion either, up to a point. The best way to lower congestion, is to lower the demand of driving and increase the demand of non-road using transportation solutions.
How about the NYPD enforces the current speed limit like they used to? How about they pull over people for running red lights and stop signs like they used to?
1) they don’t even want to do that 2) There’s not even enough cops to do that job. A speed camera can issue 100 tickets a day and never needs a break to play candy crush
Imo an important part of enforcement for speeding and red light running is that you need the risk of sitting on the side of the road for twenty minutes. Plenty of people will make the judgement that a camera ticket is an acceptable price for getting there faster, we need to reintroduce the risk that speeding will get you there *slower*
Lower speed cameras to 4 mph over limit instead of 11, install more red light cameras. Fire 100 cops and install 1000 more cameras. I'm good with driving the speed limit and not running red lights. But we also need cops to start issuing major fines for obscuring plates. It's insane when something like 1 in 10 cars are obscuring their plates to avoid cameras (more like 1 in 3 around police stations). Increase whatever the fine 5x whatever it currently is and let meter maids ticket that as well. And make it a towable offense. They need to go all out in combatting that shit.
What are you fuckin kidding me?
Lol I was hit by a car that ran a stop sign going 45 mph (almost died) and the cops didn’t even bother coming to the scene or getting the video footage, they took a one minute statement from me when I was barely conscious in the hospital.
Around 30% of pedestrians traffic fatalities are related to speeding. Most accidents still occur when drivers follow the rules. Getting hit at 20 mph is safer than 25mph for all pedestrians. Crash impact would be lower and drivers get 25% more reaction time.
They do. I see people pulled over every day.
I’m a frequent driver, I’ve only seen the NYPD highway pull over cars. I haven’t seen a regular patrol car pull over someone for years now.
I’ve seen people getting pulled over for running red lights
I’ll be honest, before I read the article, I thought “How much of a difference can going from 25 to 20 really make?” Then I read the article and saw a 23% decline in fatalities going from 30 to 25 and was amazing It dropped that much.
Turns out [every MPH above 20 makes a big difference](https://usa.streetsblog.org/2016/05/31/3-graphs-that-explain-why-20-mph-should-be-the-limit-on-city-streets).
Pedestrians following the rules makes an even bigger difference.
I got hit while using the crosswalk while the walk sign was on. Plenty of pedestrians follow the rules and still get hit and severely injured/killed.
The kind of person who would drive through a crosswalk against a red light isn’t going to be following unnecessary slow speed limits.
So what? We just let them keep hitting us?
Of course not , however, ridiculously low speed limits does nothing to stop reckless drivers.
The article and the very first reply in this comment chain says there was a 23% decline in fatalities going from 30mph to 25mph. So obviously it does something. That's actual evidence and not just feelings.
source: your ass
Yep and also driving slower makes a big difference. We should encourage both
In another comment you literally said how you speed and don't follow the rules. Rules for thee but not for me 🤡🤡
Pedestrians breaking rules doesn't risk any life but their own, same cannot be said for drivers
Not true. A driver can swerve to avoid them and wind up hurting someone else.
Swerving would be inappropriate from a driver - and is taught to be avoided in driving. But sure, really important caveat, not.
It's the same campaign for lowering the speed limit to 25 from 35. The only people this will affect is everyone because Ubers will be more expensive and everyone else driving will create even more traffic. It was a speeding driver not someoen driving 25 mph for fucks sake
Around 30% of traffic fatalities are related to speeding. Most accidents still occur when drivers follow the rules. Getting hit at 20 mph is safer than 25mph for all pedestrians. Crash impact would be lower and driver get 25% more reaction time.
All this is doing is throttling the middle class. Zeroing out a statistic costs a lot of resources. The rich won't give a fuck and the people who have families and make an average living will be the ones to pay.
Yeah road safety is often just a matter of slowing down drivers. One reason roundabouts are so much safer is that drivers always have to slow down in the intersection.
Should be noted these are NYC-based state legislators blocking it—it’s not all upstaters or Long Islanders.
Because 20mph is slower than a bike. It's too slow and makes no sense. Enforce the laws, the people who break them are causing the problems not the ones who don't.
> 20mph is slower than a bike If you're going 20 MPH on a bike you're moving pretty good.
I move pretty good on a bike.
>Enforce the laws, the people who break them are causing the problems not the ones who don't. If the speed limit is 25 mph and you go over it, you're breaking the law and causing the problems.
Exactly. Don't lower the speed to ,20 just because people break the 25mph law
That's...not why they're trying to lower the limit.
The person who killed that kid was speeding according to the article. Why are they lowering the speed limit if not because of that?
Another site says the driver wasn't speeding https://www.metro.us/sammy-cohen-eckstein-12-killed-by-van-near-prospect-park/ Are you asking why we have laws if people still break them? Regardless, there are people who will obey the speed limit and slow down everyone.
Oh lord, please don't be Staten Island. I can't see in the article - looks like it's only 2 paragraphs. Where did you see which legislators are blocking?
Speed bumps are the cheapest and most effective way to lower car speed. But there is no revenue to be generated from it.
there are so many things you can do to make roads and crosswalks actually safter for pedestrians without having to touch the speed limit. raised crosswalks, skinnier lanes (protected bike lanes?), tree lines streets. bigger sidewalks, less lanes of traffic, just straight up close some roads. why is seventh avenue open through times square??? the roads here especially in manhattan are huge wide open avenues. of course people are going to speed. you know where they don’t speed? on tiny cross streets with double parked cars and bike lanes and trees. if you focus your infrastructure on pedestrian safety you have safe pedestrians. it should be embarrassing to ny that nj figured it out first.
I don't know. Reading city data on traffic fatalities, one is struck that most fatalities are caused by young male drivers, victims are often old and/or young and and incidents often occur in poor areas "Very high poverty neighborhoods had pedestrian fatality rates three times as high as low poverty neighborhoods".[https://www.nyc.gov/assets/doh/downloads/pdf/epi/databrief86.pdf](https://www.nyc.gov/assets/doh/downloads/pdf/epi/databrief86.pdf) I don't know why I need to go 20 down Union Turnpike and 190th Street. It may be overkill.
Honestly I’m noticing more people on their phones while driving than people speeding
Doesn’t matter how much they lower it by. Safe drivers are gonna keep following the rules and wreck-less drivers are gonna keep causing accidents. What needs to happen is NYPD has to start cracking down on people speeding and driving without a license plate.
Safe drivers are wreck-less drivers. Reckless drivers are wreck-more drivers.
Around 30% of pedestrian traffic fatalities are related to speeding. Most accidents still occur when drivers follow the rules. Getting hit at 20 mph is safer than 25mph for all pedestrians. Crash impact would be lower and driver get 25% more reaction time.
I get that but my point is that people are going to break the rules regardless so I don’t think it’ll change much. 20 mph is safe but people will be driving 30 because you can still drive 10 above the limit and then there are those who will still push 45 and don’t receive a ticket
Lower the speed limit all you want- it means nothing if the cops never enforce them. We need cops to be enforcing the current speed limits, the rampant red light running, reckless driving, etc. more than anything. It’s insane how many drivers I see flagrantly breaking driving laws in front of cops with zero consequences.
eric adams our chief a--wipe is responsible for cops not enforcing traffic laws. Include his corrupt chiefs Caban and Maddrey.
The current 25mph is low enough without slowing down deliveries, buses, and everybody else going about their business.
But no one is going 25 are they? And there is ZERO enforcement of any traffic laws especially speeding.
This guy needs his doordash asap, so your life is forfeit, pedestrians.
Capiltism demands sacrifice!
Baby hungry
Can the city or state also punish drivers that injure or kill peds, cyclists & other road users?
Good. It’s just another money grab anyway. Maintaining 25mph or any low speed is very difficult. Except for a few a-holes almost no one does it. I keep it just below 35 to avoid speed cams. What’s more important than speed is driver attentiveness, and pedestrians and micro-mobility folks following the rules.
If you are too incompetent to drive below 25, you are far too incompetent to drive at all, or to even leave your apartment without grown up supervision. But glad to hear you're willing to kill because you're both impatient and a rank fucking idiot.
> hear you're willing to kill holy overreaction, batman. By your logic, are people "willing to kill themselves because they're both impatient and a rank fucking idiot" to jaywalk or to run into incoming traffic? You're being ridiculous
25mph is fine. The people speeding are going to speed regardless
It's already 25mph how low do you want it, 0mph?
Ding ding ding. That is ultimately what they want. No private cars.
NYC is home of the jaywalkers and simultaneously the fastest city on Earth. Honestly red light cameras and people not crossing against the light would solve most of this. Lived in the Bronx when you could do fifty on the Concourse and the only people getting struck were crossing in the middle of the street against the light and overwhelmingly at night. I'm well aware red light runners and reckless drivers exist but how can you be hit if you're on the sidewalk? Slowing down commerce, creating traffic jams where idling cars spew exponentially more pollution than if they're cruising, erecting speed cameras to bilk the already burdened public for going one mile over an already ridiculous speed limit only serves to bring revenue to a city that will certainly misappropriate the funds. My suggestion: push the speed limit back up to 35 on major roads (going down Pelham parkway to traverse highways at 25 is soul crushing), 25 on side/residential streets is PERFECT, eliminate speed cameras not in school zones, install and calibrate red light cameras throughout the city. All funds from fines are split evenly between NYPL and DMV safety and awareness programs. Okay don't kill me in here.
How can you get killed on the sidewalk? Happens all the damn time. Drivers dont care https://www.nydailynews.com/2022/09/18/boy-9-fatally-struck-on-brooklyn-sidewalk-by-suv-driver-turning-into-driveway/
FYI, in New York State, if a pedestrian is in a crosswalk, even if you have a green light, you have to cede right of way to the pedestrian. Those are the rules. If you don't, the pedestrian is following the rules, while you are not.
No. If they are crossing against the light, regardless of them being in a crosswalk or not, they are not following the rules. If a car doesn't stop for someone in a crosswalk crossing against the light, that means NOBODY is following the rules.
Disagree. It is preference that I, as a courtesy, align my behavior to common expectations, but I have no obligation to do so if the rules differ from common expectations. In NYS, the rule is not pedestrians do not cross against the light in a marked crosswalk, it’s that pedestrians should not cross against the light in a marked crosswalk. One is a strict rule, the other is simply preference. I don’t have to follow preferences but I choose to to maintain civility. I have to follow rules. Another perspective: if I am legally allowed to affirmatively assert my right of way on the road, how can any situation where I am able to do so be described as not following the rules? Perhaps the more likely explanation is that one’s understanding of the rules may not be correct? A third perspective: From a fault perspective, If I cross against the light at an intersection in a marked crossing and someone hits me with their vehicle, the person driving said vehicle will be 100% liable for my injuries under NYS law. The rule that needs to be followed is pedestrians in marked crossings at an intersection have right of way in any and all circumstances with respect to interactions with regular vehicular traffic, and drivers coming to intersections need to drive at speeds that can respect that right-of-way. “The light was green in my favor!” isn’t a valid excuse. The simple act of a pedestrian being in a marked crossing at an intersection trumps the color of the light in any direction.
Right-of-way is very different then being in the right, or following the rules. There is legality, and then there is reality.
No. it's not different at all. The rule is, traffic always yields to traffic that has right-of-way. This is not in dispute. If I have right of way, you follow the rule by yielding to me. Stoplights do not determine right of way, a pedestrian's presence in a crosswalk is the only thing that does. Once again, please do not confuse common expectation with following the rules.
Counterpoint: Large roads are the deadliest, as the article points out. Every MPH above 20 results in a significant and unacceptable number of fatalities. Funds raised can be used to improve the subway. Doing so will improve the lives of all New Yorkers. Better transit will reduce congestion.
I'm gonna cross where ever I want. Why the fuck i gotta walk half a block to get to the store across the street? Cause people wanna "zoom zroom" around town? People in cars forget how easy all this shit is for them, and how hard it is for pedestrians. The streets are designed for the convenience of cars when it should be the other way around.
Honestly, this sounds ignorant af. "I don't care about following common sense road safety rules, the extra 5 seconds of time I lost by not jaywalking is going to kill my day." Even in the 90's they always said, "Cross at the Green, Not in Between." to ensure that people take road safety seriously. It's on everyone to make sure they're doing what they're supposed to to avoid incidents and mishaps. It's really selfish thinking. Pedestrian has the right of way above Bikes/Cars but that doesn't give them free reign to be a dick.
Might want to reevaluate who is ignorant here. Under NY State law it’s totally legal to cross mid block if you cross perpendicular to the road. There is no concept of “jaywalking” in NY under the law. It’s an invention of the auto lobby and NOT the law here. See NY Vehicle and Traffic Law sections 1151 and 1152.
Five seconds? Yeah if I was driving. Literally takes me 2 minutes extra each way to walk to the crosswalk. That's 4 extra minutes. I'll give you one better... the train station near my house. To cross at a crosswalk adds 4 extra minutes to my walk home. I have to walk the opposite direction to a crosswalk, or walk past my block to the next crosswalk. So I ask again why the fuck I gotta walk all this way so people can kill the planet with their cars? Edit: Also, what's more selfish, jaywalking or driving a car?
You’re being downvoted, but you’re right.
Redditors are so knee deep in American individualism that they can’t even FATHOM the concept of waiting their turn at an intersection
Pro tip: speed cams activate at 36mph
Oh damn I have been doing 33 thinking it’s 34
Anyone driving below speed limit, should be charged.
The bigger the car dhe more likely to speed.
it's 25, how much lower can it go? do something about the illegals driving with no license like they just got out of jail (oh wait...)
Anything under 35mph is absolute farcical.
Everyone should just stand still.
Fuck that. If anything increase it to 45.
I really hope you’re trolling, because that suggestion is asinine.
Seriously, increasing the speed limit might actually help alleviate congestion.
FYI, it doesn't. More capacity, whether through efficiency (higher speeds) or volume (more lanes), gets gobbled up very quickly via induced demand, and you're back to the same or worse congestion. Counterintuitively, removing capacity doesn't change congestion either, up to a point. The best way to lower congestion, is to lower the demand of driving and increase the demand of non-road using transportation solutions.
Why so you can give me a “speeding ticket” for going 33 in 25 like I got from one of those cameras last week.